After adjustment for age at first birth, marital status

In this cohort study, I found a clear tendency toward decreasing suicide Tiffany Cushion Triple drop pendant with increasing number of children after controlling for age at first birth, marital status, years of schooling, and place of delivery. My finding of a reduced rate of death from suicide associated with higher parity is in agreement with findings from previous studies1,4,5 and is in line with Durkheim's hypothesis.3

Parity is not usually considered a possible determinant of women's risk of suicide. Only three previous studies reported an association between parity and suicide.1,4,5 The Finnish study involved 12 055 women and examined a limited number of suicide-related deaths (n = 47) during the follow-up period;1 it therefore likely has limited statistical power. The number of suicide-related deaths in my study (n = 2252) is twice that in the Norwegian study (n = 1190).4 In addition, the Finnish study did not adjust for potential confounding factors such as socio-economic status (marital status and educational levels), which was adjusted for in the other studies4,5 and the current study.

The age range at the start of follow-up was 25 to more than 75 years in the Norwegian study.4 Suicide-related deaths occurred between ages 18 and 75 years in the Danish study.5 Women included in my study tended to be younger than those in the Norwegian and Danish studies.

One study emphasized a higher Atlas cube pendant in suicide-related mortality for each additional child among postmenopausal women (26% reduction per child) than among premenopausal women (18% reduction per child).4 The evidence suggests that the protective effect from children may differ at various stages during a woman's life. The Danish study showed a trend of decreasing risk of suicide with increasing number of children: relative to nulliparous women, the odds ratios were 1.02 for one child, 0.97 for two children, 0.84 for three to four children, and 0.62 for five or more. My study found a 39% decrease in suicide-related mortality among women with two live births and a 60% decrease among women with three or more births compared with women with one child. The protective effect of parity on risk of death from suicide was much stronger than previously reported estimates.4,5 Given that the women in - cluded in this study were young (the large majority of suiciderelated deaths occurred before premenopausal age) and were among the youngest reported for any country, this finding is particularly noteworthy.

Selection effects are likely to be an important explanation for this association. Psychiatric illness may affect opportunities for marriage and motherhood and decisions about subsequent childbearing.17-20 Women who are depressed are less likely to have stable relationships, probably because of the impact of the illness on their behaviour.21 Research has shown that men become depressed when their wives are depressed.22 These factors may lead to a decreased desire to have a child or more children.23,24 The higher suicide rate among women with one child than among women with two or more children may be due in part to selection effect, because the group of women with one child will include those with problems, including ones related to first pregnancy, which prevented or discouraged them from having more children. On the contrary, women in better health, physically and mentally, or who generally lead happier lives are Tiffany Elsa Peretti Open Heart pendant likely to have children